Umbraco-CMS/src/Umbraco.Core/Services/ContentService.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Linq;
using Umbraco.Core.Events;
using Umbraco.Core.Logging;
using Umbraco.Core.Models;
using Umbraco.Core.Models.Membership;
using Umbraco.Core.Models.Rdbms;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence.DatabaseModelDefinitions;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence.Querying;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence.Repositories;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence.UnitOfWork;
using Umbraco.Core.Publishing;

namespace Umbraco.Core.Services
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents the Content Service, which is an easy access to operations involving <see cref="IContent"/>
    /// </summary>
    public class ContentService : ScopeRepositoryService, IContentService, IContentServiceOperations
    {
        private readonly IPublishingStrategy2 _publishingStrategy;
        private readonly EntityXmlSerializer _entitySerializer = new EntityXmlSerializer();
        private readonly IDataTypeService _dataTypeService;
        private readonly IUserService _userService;

        //Support recursive locks because some of the methods that require locking call other methods that require locking.
        //for example, the Move method needs to be locked but this calls the Save method which also needs to be locked.
        private static readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim Locker = new ReaderWriterLockSlim(LockRecursionPolicy.SupportsRecursion);

        public ContentService(
            IDatabaseUnitOfWorkProvider provider,
            RepositoryFactory repositoryFactory,
            ILogger logger,
            IEventMessagesFactory eventMessagesFactory,
            IDataTypeService dataTypeService,
            IUserService userService)
            : base(provider, repositoryFactory, logger, eventMessagesFactory)
        {
            if (dataTypeService == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("dataTypeService");
            if (userService == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("userService");
            _publishingStrategy = new PublishingStrategy(UowProvider.ScopeProvider, eventMessagesFactory, logger);
            _dataTypeService = dataTypeService;
            _userService = userService;
        }

        #region Static Queries

        private IQuery<IContent> _notTrashedQuery;

        #endregion

        public int CountPublished(string contentTypeAlias = null)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.CountPublished(contentTypeAlias);
            }
        }

        public int Count(string contentTypeAlias = null)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.Count(contentTypeAlias);
            }
        }

        public int CountChildren(int parentId, string contentTypeAlias = null)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.CountChildren(parentId, contentTypeAlias);
            }
        }

        public int CountDescendants(int parentId, string contentTypeAlias = null)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.CountDescendants(parentId, contentTypeAlias);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Used to bulk update the permissions set for a content item. This will replace all permissions
        /// assigned to an entity with a list of user id & permission pairs.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="permissionSet"></param>
        public void ReplaceContentPermissions(EntityPermissionSet permissionSet)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                repository.ReplaceContentPermissions(permissionSet);
                uow.Commit();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Assigns a single permission to the current content item for the specified group ids
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="entity"></param>
        /// <param name="permission"></param>
        /// <param name="groupIds"></param>
        public void AssignContentPermission(IContent entity, char permission, IEnumerable<int> groupIds)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                repository.AssignEntityPermission(entity, permission, groupIds);
                uow.Commit();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns implicit/inherited permissions assigned to the content item for all user groups
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public EntityPermissionCollection GetPermissionsForEntity(IContent content)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.GetPermissionsForEntity(content.Id);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates an <see cref="IContent"/> object using the alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/>
        /// that this Content should based on.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Note that using this method will simply return a new IContent without any identity
        /// as it has not yet been persisted. It is intended as a shortcut to creating new content objects
        /// that does not invoke a save operation against the database.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="name">Name of the Content object</param>
        /// <param name="parentId">Id of Parent for the new Content</param>
        /// <param name="contentTypeAlias">Alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional id of the user creating the content</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IContent CreateContent(string name, Guid parentId, string contentTypeAlias, int userId = 0)
        {
            var parent = GetById(parentId);
            return CreateContent(name, parent, contentTypeAlias, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates an <see cref="IContent"/> object using the alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/>
        /// that this Content should based on.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Note that using this method will simply return a new IContent without any identity
        /// as it has not yet been persisted. It is intended as a shortcut to creating new content objects
        /// that does not invoke a save operation against the database.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="name">Name of the Content object</param>
        /// <param name="parentId">Id of Parent for the new Content</param>
        /// <param name="contentTypeAlias">Alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional id of the user creating the content</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IContent CreateContent(string name, int parentId, string contentTypeAlias, int userId = 0)
        {
            var contentType = FindContentTypeByAlias(contentTypeAlias);
            var content = new Content(name, parentId, contentType);
            var parent = GetById(content.ParentId);
            content.Path = string.Concat(parent.IfNotNull(x => x.Path, content.ParentId.ToString()), ",", content.Id);

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var newEventArgs = new NewEventArgs<IContent>(content, contentTypeAlias, parentId);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Creating, this, newEventArgs))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    content.WasCancelled = true;
                    return content;
                }

                content.CreatorId = userId;
                content.WriterId = userId;
                newEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(Created, this, newEventArgs);

                uow.Commit();
            }

            return content;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates an <see cref="IContent"/> object using the alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/>
        /// that this Content should based on.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Note that using this method will simply return a new IContent without any identity
        /// as it has not yet been persisted. It is intended as a shortcut to creating new content objects
        /// that does not invoke a save operation against the database.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="name">Name of the Content object</param>
        /// <param name="parent">Parent <see cref="IContent"/> object for the new Content</param>
        /// <param name="contentTypeAlias">Alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional id of the user creating the content</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IContent CreateContent(string name, IContent parent, string contentTypeAlias, int userId = 0)
        {
            if (parent == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("parent");

            var contentType = FindContentTypeByAlias(contentTypeAlias);
            var content = new Content(name, parent, contentType);
            content.Path = string.Concat(parent.Path, ",", content.Id);

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var newEventArgs = new NewEventArgs<IContent>(content, contentTypeAlias, parent);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Creating, this, newEventArgs))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    content.WasCancelled = true;
                    return content;
                }

                content.CreatorId = userId;
                content.WriterId = userId;
                newEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(Created, this, newEventArgs);

                uow.Commit();
            }

            return content;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates and saves an <see cref="IContent"/> object using the alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/>
        /// that this Content should based on.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This method returns an <see cref="IContent"/> object that has been persisted to the database
        /// and therefor has an identity.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="name">Name of the Content object</param>
        /// <param name="parentId">Id of Parent for the new Content</param>
        /// <param name="contentTypeAlias">Alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional id of the user creating the content</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IContent CreateContentWithIdentity(string name, int parentId, string contentTypeAlias, int userId = 0)
        {
            var contentType = FindContentTypeByAlias(contentTypeAlias);
            var content = new Content(name, parentId, contentType);

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                //NOTE: I really hate the notion of these Creating/Created events - they are so inconsistent, I've only just found
                // out that in these 'WithIdentity' methods, the Saving/Saved events were not fired, wtf. Anyways, they're added now.
                var newEventArgs = new NewEventArgs<IContent>(content, contentTypeAlias, parentId);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Creating, this, newEventArgs))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    content.WasCancelled = true;
                    return content;
                }

                var saveEventArgs = new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(content);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Saving, this, saveEventArgs, "Saving"))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    content.WasCancelled = true;
                    return content;
                }

                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                content.CreatorId = userId;
                content.WriterId = userId;

                repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                saveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(Saved, this, saveEventArgs, "Saved");
                newEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(Created, this, newEventArgs);

                Audit(uow, AuditType.New, string.Format("Content '{0}' was created with Id {1}", name, content.Id), content.CreatorId, content.Id);
                uow.Commit();
            }

            return content;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates and saves an <see cref="IContent"/> object using the alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/>
        /// that this Content should based on.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This method returns an <see cref="IContent"/> object that has been persisted to the database
        /// and therefor has an identity.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="name">Name of the Content object</param>
        /// <param name="parent">Parent <see cref="IContent"/> object for the new Content</param>
        /// <param name="contentTypeAlias">Alias of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional id of the user creating the content</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IContent CreateContentWithIdentity(string name, IContent parent, string contentTypeAlias, int userId = 0)
        {
            if (parent == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("parent");

            var contentType = FindContentTypeByAlias(contentTypeAlias);
            var content = new Content(name, parent, contentType);

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                //NOTE: I really hate the notion of these Creating/Created events - they are so inconsistent, I've only just found
                // out that in these 'WithIdentity' methods, the Saving/Saved events were not fired, wtf. Anyways, they're added now.
                var newEventArgs = new NewEventArgs<IContent>(content, contentTypeAlias, parent);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Creating, this, newEventArgs))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    content.WasCancelled = true;
                    return content;
                }

                var saveEventArgs = new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(content);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Saving, this, saveEventArgs, "Saving"))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    content.WasCancelled = true;
                    return content;
                }

                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                content.CreatorId = userId;
                content.WriterId = userId;

                repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                saveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(Saved, this, saveEventArgs, "Saved");
                newEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(Created, this, newEventArgs);

                Audit(uow, AuditType.New, string.Format("Content '{0}' was created with Id {1}", name, content.Id), content.CreatorId, content.Id);
                uow.Commit();
            }

            return content;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets an <see cref="IContent"/> object by Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Content to retrieve</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IContent GetById(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.Get(id);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Ids
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="ids">Ids of the Content to retrieve</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetByIds(IEnumerable<int> ids)
        {
            var idsArray = ids.ToArray();
            if (idsArray.Length == 0) return Enumerable.Empty<IContent>();

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                // ensure that the result has the order based on the ids passed in
                var result = repository.GetAll(idsArray);
                var content = result.ToDictionary(x => x.Id, x => x);

                var sortedResult = idsArray.Select(x =>
                {
                    IContent c;
                    return content.TryGetValue(x, out c) ? c : null;
                }).WhereNotNull();

                return sortedResult;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Ids
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="ids">Ids of the Content to retrieve</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetByIds(IEnumerable<Guid> ids)
        {
            var idsArray = ids.ToArray();
            if (idsArray.Length == 0) return Enumerable.Empty<IContent>();

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                // ensure that the result has the order based on the ids passed in
                var result = repository.GetAll(idsArray);
                var content = result.ToDictionary(x => x.Key, x => x);

                var sortedResult = idsArray.Select(x =>
                {
                    IContent c;
                    return content.TryGetValue(x, out c) ? c : null;
                }).WhereNotNull();

                return sortedResult;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets an <see cref="IContent"/> object by its 'UniqueId'
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="key">Guid key of the Content to retrieve</param>
        /// <returns><see cref="IContent"/></returns>
        public IContent GetById(Guid key)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.Get(key);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by the Id of the <see cref="IContentType"/>
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetContentOfContentType(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.ContentTypeId == id);
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }

        internal IEnumerable<IContent> GetPublishedContentOfContentType(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.ContentTypeId == id);
                return repository.GetByPublishedVersion(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Level
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="level">The level to retrieve Content from</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetByLevel(int level)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Level == level && x.Path.StartsWith(Constants.System.RecycleBinContent.ToInvariantString()) == false);
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a specific version of an <see cref="IContent"/> item.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="versionId">Id of the version to retrieve</param>
        /// <returns>An <see cref="IContent"/> item</returns>
        public IContent GetByVersion(Guid versionId)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.GetByVersion(versionId);
            }
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of an <see cref="IContent"/> objects versions by Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id"></param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetVersions(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.GetAllVersions(id);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a list of all version Ids for the given content item ordered so latest is first
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id"></param>
        /// <param name="maxRows">The maximum number of rows to return</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public IEnumerable<Guid> GetVersionIds(int id, int maxRows)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.GetVersionIds(id, maxRows);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects, which are ancestors of the current content.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/> to retrieve ancestors for</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetAncestors(int id)
        {
            var content = GetById(id);
            return GetAncestors(content);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects, which are ancestors of the current content.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content"><see cref="IContent"/> to retrieve ancestors for</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetAncestors(IContent content)
        {
            //null check otherwise we get exceptions
            if (content.Path.IsNullOrWhiteSpace()) return Enumerable.Empty<IContent>();

            var ids = content.Path.Split(',').Where(x => x != Constants.System.Root.ToInvariantString() && x != content.Id.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)).Select(int.Parse).ToArray();
            if (ids.Any() == false)
                return new List<IContent>();

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.GetAll(ids);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Parent to retrieve Children from</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetChildren(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.ParentId == id);
                return repository.GetByQuery(query).OrderBy(x => x.SortOrder);
            }
        }

        [Obsolete("Use the overload with 'long' parameter types instead")]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetPagedChildren(int id, int pageIndex, int pageSize, out int totalChildren,
            string orderBy, Direction orderDirection, string filter = "")
        {
            long total;
            var result = GetPagedChildren(id, Convert.ToInt64(pageIndex), pageSize, out total, orderBy, orderDirection, true, filter);
            totalChildren = Convert.ToInt32(total);
            return result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Parent to retrieve Children from</param>
        /// <param name="pageIndex">Page index (zero based)</param>
        /// <param name="pageSize">Page size</param>
        /// <param name="totalChildren">Total records query would return without paging</param>
        /// <param name="orderBy">Field to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderDirection">Direction to order by</param>
        /// <param name="filter">Search text filter</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetPagedChildren(int id, long pageIndex, int pageSize, out long totalChildren,
            string orderBy, Direction orderDirection, string filter = "")
        {
            return GetPagedChildren(id, pageIndex, pageSize, out totalChildren, orderBy, orderDirection, true, filter);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Parent to retrieve Children from</param>
        /// <param name="pageIndex">Page index (zero based)</param>
        /// <param name="pageSize">Page size</param>
        /// <param name="totalChildren">Total records query would return without paging</param>
        /// <param name="orderBy">Field to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderDirection">Direction to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderBySystemField">Flag to indicate when ordering by system field</param>
        /// <param name="filter">Search text filter</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetPagedChildren(int id, long pageIndex, int pageSize, out long totalChildren,
            string orderBy, Direction orderDirection, bool orderBySystemField, string filter)
        {
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageIndex >= 0, "pageIndex");
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageSize > 0, "pageSize");

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder;
                // always check for a parent - else it will also get decendants (and then you should use the GetPagedDescendants method)
                query.Where(x => x.ParentId == id);

                IQuery<IContent> filterQuery = null;
                if (filter.IsNullOrWhiteSpace() == false)
                {
                    filterQuery = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Name.Contains(filter));
                }
                return repository.GetPagedResultsByQuery(query, pageIndex, pageSize, out totalChildren, orderBy, orderDirection, orderBySystemField, filterQuery);
            }
        }

        [Obsolete("Use the overload with 'long' parameter types instead")]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetPagedDescendants(int id, int pageIndex, int pageSize, out int totalChildren, string orderBy = "path", Direction orderDirection = Direction.Ascending, string filter = "")
        {
            long total;
            var result = GetPagedDescendants(id, Convert.ToInt64(pageIndex), pageSize, out total, orderBy, orderDirection, true, filter);
            totalChildren = Convert.ToInt32(total);
            return result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Parent to retrieve Descendants from</param>
        /// <param name="pageIndex">Page number</param>
        /// <param name="pageSize">Page size</param>
        /// <param name="totalChildren">Total records query would return without paging</param>
        /// <param name="orderBy">Field to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderDirection">Direction to order by</param>
        /// <param name="filter">Search text filter</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetPagedDescendants(int id, long pageIndex, int pageSize, out long totalChildren, string orderBy = "path", Direction orderDirection = Direction.Ascending, string filter = "")
        {
            return GetPagedDescendants(id, pageIndex, pageSize, out totalChildren, orderBy, orderDirection, true, filter);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Parent to retrieve Descendants from</param>
        /// <param name="pageIndex">Page number</param>
        /// <param name="pageSize">Page size</param>
        /// <param name="totalChildren">Total records query would return without paging</param>
        /// <param name="orderBy">Field to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderDirection">Direction to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderBySystemField">Flag to indicate when ordering by system field</param>
        /// <param name="filter">Search text filter</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetPagedDescendants(int id, long pageIndex, int pageSize, out long totalChildren, string orderBy, Direction orderDirection, bool orderBySystemField, string filter)
        {
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageIndex >= 0, "pageIndex");
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageSize > 0, "pageSize");
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                // get query - if the id is System Root, then just get all
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder;
                if (id != Constants.System.Root)
                {
                    var entityRepository = RepositoryFactory.CreateEntityRepository(uow);
                    var contentPath = entityRepository.GetAllPaths(Constants.ObjectTypes.DocumentGuid, id).ToArray();
                    if (contentPath.Length == 0)
                    {
                        totalChildren = 0;
                        return Enumerable.Empty<IContent>();
                    }
                    query.Where(x => x.Path.SqlStartsWith(string.Format("{0},", contentPath[0]), TextColumnType.NVarchar));
                }
                    

                // get filter
                IQuery<IContent> filterQuery = null;
                if (filter.IsNullOrWhiteSpace() == false)
                    filterQuery = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Name.Contains(filter));

                return repository.GetPagedResultsByQuery(query, pageIndex, pageSize, out totalChildren, orderBy, orderDirection, orderBySystemField, filterQuery);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Parent to retrieve Descendants from</param>
        /// <param name="pageIndex">Page number</param>
        /// <param name="pageSize">Page size</param>
        /// <param name="totalChildren">Total records query would return without paging</param>
        /// <param name="orderBy">Field to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderDirection">Direction to order by</param>
        /// <param name="orderBySystemField">Flag to indicate when ordering by system field</param>
        /// <param name="filter">Search filter</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetPagedDescendants(int id, long pageIndex, int pageSize, out long totalChildren, string orderBy, Direction orderDirection, bool orderBySystemField, IQuery<IContent> filter)
        {
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageIndex >= 0, "pageIndex");
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageSize > 0, "pageSize");

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                // get query - if the id is System Root, then just get all
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder;
                if (id != Constants.System.Root)
                {
                    var entityRepository = RepositoryFactory.CreateEntityRepository(uow);
                    var contentPath = entityRepository.GetAllPaths(Constants.ObjectTypes.DocumentGuid, id).ToArray();
                    if (contentPath.Length == 0)
                    {
                        totalChildren = 0;
                        return Enumerable.Empty<IContent>();
                    }
                    query.Where(x => x.Path.SqlStartsWith(string.Format("{0},", contentPath[0]), TextColumnType.NVarchar));
                }

                return repository.GetPagedResultsByQuery(query, pageIndex, pageSize, out totalChildren, orderBy, orderDirection, orderBySystemField, filter);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by its name or partial name
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="parentId">Id of the Parent to retrieve Children from</param>
        /// <param name="name">Full or partial name of the children</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetChildrenByName(int parentId, string name)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.ParentId == parentId && x.Name.Contains(name));
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the Parent to retrieve Descendants from</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetDescendants(int id)
        {
            var content = GetById(id);
            return content == null ? Enumerable.Empty<IContent>() : GetDescendants(content);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by Parent Id
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content"><see cref="IContent"/> item to retrieve Descendants from</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetDescendants(IContent content)
        {
            //This is a check to ensure that the path is correct for this entity to avoid problems like: http://issues.umbraco.org/issue/U4-9336 due to data corruption
            if (content.ValidatePath() == false)
                throw new InvalidDataException(string.Format("The content item {0} has an invalid path: {1} with parentID: {2}", content.Id, content.Path, content.ParentId));

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                var pathMatch = content.Path + ",";
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Path.StartsWith(pathMatch) && x.Id != content.Id);
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the parent of the current content as an <see cref="IContent"/> item.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/> to retrieve the parent from</param>
        /// <returns>Parent <see cref="IContent"/> object</returns>
        public IContent GetParent(int id)
        {
            var content = GetById(id);
            return GetParent(content);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the parent of the current content as an <see cref="IContent"/> item.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content"><see cref="IContent"/> to retrieve the parent from</param>
        /// <returns>Parent <see cref="IContent"/> object</returns>
        public IContent GetParent(IContent content)
        {
            if (content.ParentId == Constants.System.Root || content.ParentId == Constants.System.RecycleBinContent)
                return null;

            return GetById(content.ParentId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the published version of an <see cref="IContent"/> item
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/> to retrieve version from</param>
        /// <returns>An <see cref="IContent"/> item</returns>
        public IContent GetPublishedVersion(int id)
        {
            var version = GetVersions(id);
            return version.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Published);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the published version of a <see cref="IContent"/> item.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The content item.</param>
        /// <returns>The published version, if any; otherwise, null.</returns>
        public IContent GetPublishedVersion(IContent content)
        {
            if (content.Published) return content;
            return content.HasPublishedVersion
                ? GetByVersion(content.PublishedVersionGuid)
                : null;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects, which reside at the first level / root
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetRootContent()
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.ParentId == Constants.System.Root);
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets all published content items
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        internal IEnumerable<IContent> GetAllPublished()
        {
            //create it once if it is needed (no need for locking here)
            if (_notTrashedQuery == null)
            {
                _notTrashedQuery = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Trashed == false);
            }

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                return repository.GetByPublishedVersion(_notTrashedQuery);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects, which has an expiration date less than or equal to today.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetContentForExpiration()
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Published && x.ExpireDate <= DateTime.Now);
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects, which has a release date less than or equal to today.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetContentForRelease()
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Published == false && x.ReleaseDate <= DateTime.Now);
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of an <see cref="IContent"/> objects, which resides in the Recycle Bin
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetContentInRecycleBin()
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Path.Contains(Constants.System.RecycleBinContent.ToInvariantString()));
                return repository.GetByQuery(query);
            }
        }



        /// <summary>
        /// Checks whether an <see cref="IContent"/> item has any children
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/></param>
        /// <returns>True if the content has any children otherwise False</returns>
        public bool HasChildren(int id)
        {
            return CountChildren(id) > 0;
        }

        internal int CountChildren(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.ParentId == id);
                return repository.Count(query);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Checks whether an <see cref="IContent"/> item has any published versions
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/></param>
        /// <returns>True if the content has any published version otherwise False</returns>
        public bool HasPublishedVersion(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Published == true && x.Id == id && x.Trashed == false);
                return repository.Count(query) > 0;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Checks if the passed in <see cref="IContent"/> can be published based on the anscestors publish state.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content"><see cref="IContent"/> to check if anscestors are published</param>
        /// <returns>True if the Content can be published, otherwise False</returns>
        public bool IsPublishable(IContent content)
        {
            int[] ids;
            if (content.HasIdentity)
            {
                // get ids from path (we have identity)
                // skip the first one that has to be -1 - and we don't care
                // skip the last one that has to be "this" - and it's ok to stop at the parent
                ids = content.Path.Split(',').Skip(1).SkipLast().Select(int.Parse).ToArray();
            }
            else
            {
                // no path yet (no identity), have to move up to parent
                // skip the first one that has to be -1 - and we don't care
                // don't skip the last one that is "parent"
                var parent = GetById(content.ParentId);
                if (parent == null) return false;
                ids = parent.Path.Split(',').Skip(1).Select(int.Parse).ToArray();
            }
            if (ids.Length == 0)
                return false;

            // if the first one is recycle bin, fail fast
            if (ids[0] == Constants.System.RecycleBinContent)
                return false;

            // fixme - move to repository?
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var sql = new Sql(@"
                    SELECT id 
                    FROM umbracoNode
                    JOIN cmsDocument ON umbracoNode.id=cmsDocument.nodeId AND cmsDocument.published=@0
                    WHERE umbracoNode.trashed=@1 AND umbracoNode.id IN (@2)",
                    true, false, ids);
                Console.WriteLine(sql.SQL);
                var x = uow.Database.Fetch<int>(sql);
                return ids.Length == x.Count;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// This will rebuild the xml structures for content in the database.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="userId">This is not used for anything</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This is used for when a document type alias or a document type property is changed, the xml will need to
        /// be regenerated.
        /// </remarks>
        public bool RePublishAll(int userId = 0)
        {
            try
            {
                RebuildXmlStructures();
                return true;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Logger.Error<ContentService>("An error occurred executing RePublishAll", ex);
                return false;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// This will rebuild the xml structures for content in the database.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="contentTypeIds">
        /// If specified will only rebuild the xml for the content type's specified, otherwise will update the structure
        /// for all published content.
        /// </param>
        internal void RePublishAll(params int[] contentTypeIds)
        {
            try
            {
                RebuildXmlStructures(contentTypeIds);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Logger.Error<ContentService>("An error occurred executing RePublishAll", ex);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Publishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        public bool Publish(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            var result = SaveAndPublishDo(content, userId);
            Logger.Info<ContentService>("Call was made to ContentService.Publish, use PublishWithStatus instead since that method will provide more detailed information on the outcome");
            return result.Success;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Publishes a <see cref="IContent"/> object and all its children
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish along with its children</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <param name="includeUnpublished"></param>
        /// <returns>The list of statuses for all published items</returns>
        IEnumerable<Attempt<PublishStatus>> IContentServiceOperations.PublishWithChildren(IContent content, int userId, bool includeUnpublished)
        {
            return PublishWithChildrenDo(content, userId, includeUnpublished);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves and Publishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to save and publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise save events.</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        Attempt<PublishStatus> IContentServiceOperations.SaveAndPublish(IContent content, int userId, bool raiseEvents)
        {
            return SaveAndPublishDo(content, userId, raiseEvents);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Deletes an <see cref="IContent"/> object by moving it to the Recycle Bin
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Move an item to the Recycle Bin will result in the item being unpublished</remarks>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to delete</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User deleting the Content</param>
        Attempt<OperationStatus> IContentServiceOperations.MoveToRecycleBin(IContent content, int userId)
        {
            return MoveToRecycleBinDo(content, userId, false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Deletes an <see cref="IContent"/> object by moving it to the Recycle Bin
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Move an item to the Recycle Bin will result in the item being unpublished</remarks>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to delete</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User deleting the Content</param>
        /// <param name="ignoreDescendants">
        /// A boolean indicating to ignore this item's descendant list from also being moved to the recycle bin. This is required for the DeleteContentOfTypes method
        /// because it has already looked up all descendant nodes that will need to be recycled
        /// TODO: Fix all of this, it will require a reasonable refactor and most of this stuff should be done at the repo level instead of service sub operations
        /// </param>
        private Attempt<OperationStatus> MoveToRecycleBinDo(IContent content, int userId, bool ignoreDescendants)
        {
            var evtMsgs = EventMessagesFactory.Get();
            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    //Hack: this ensures that the entity's path is valid and if not it fixes/persists it
                    //see: http://issues.umbraco.org/issue/U4-9336
                    content.EnsureValidPath(Logger, entity => GetById(entity.ParentId), QuickUpdate);
                    var originalPath = content.Path;
                    var moveEventInfo = new MoveEventInfo<IContent>(content, originalPath, Constants.System.RecycleBinContent);
                    var moveEventArgs = new MoveEventArgs<IContent>(evtMsgs, moveEventInfo);
                    if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Trashing, this, moveEventArgs, "Trashing"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return OperationStatus.Cancelled(evtMsgs);
                    }
                    var moveInfo = new List<MoveEventInfo<IContent>>
                    {
                        moveEventInfo
                    };

                    //get descendents to process of the content item that is being moved to trash - must be done before changing the state below
                    //must be processed with shallowest levels first
                    var descendants = ignoreDescendants ? Enumerable.Empty<IContent>() : GetDescendants(content).OrderBy(x => x.Level);

                    //Do the updates for this item
                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                    //Make sure that published content is unpublished before being moved to the Recycle Bin
                    if (HasPublishedVersion(content.Id))
                    {
                        //TODO: this shouldn't be a 'sub operation', and if it needs to be it cannot raise events and cannot be cancelled!
                        UnPublish(content, userId);
                    }
                    content.WriterId = userId;
                    content.ChangeTrashedState(true);
                    repository.AddOrUpdate(content);

                    //Loop through descendants to update their trash state, but ensuring structure by keeping the ParentId
                    foreach (var descendant in descendants)
                    {
                        //TODO: this shouldn't be a 'sub operation', and if it needs to be it cannot raise events and cannot be cancelled!
                        UnPublish(descendant, userId);
                        descendant.WriterId = userId;
                        descendant.ChangeTrashedState(true, descendant.ParentId);
                        repository.AddOrUpdate(descendant);

                        moveInfo.Add(new MoveEventInfo<IContent>(descendant, descendant.Path, descendant.ParentId));
                    }

                    moveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                    moveEventArgs.MoveInfoCollection = moveInfo;
                    uow.Events.Dispatch(Trashed, this, moveEventArgs, "Trashed");

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Move, "Move Content to Recycle Bin performed by user", userId, content.Id);
                    uow.Commit();
                }

                return OperationStatus.Success(evtMsgs);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// UnPublishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <returns>True if unpublishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        Attempt<UnPublishStatus> IContentServiceOperations.UnPublish(IContent content, int userId)
        {
            return UnPublishDo(content, false, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Publishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        public Attempt<PublishStatus> PublishWithStatus(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            return ((IContentServiceOperations)this).Publish(content, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Publishes a <see cref="IContent"/> object and all its children
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish along with its children</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        [Obsolete("Use PublishWithChildrenWithStatus instead, that method will provide more detailed information on the outcome and also allows the includeUnpublished flag")]
        public bool PublishWithChildren(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            var result = PublishWithChildrenDo(content, userId, true);

            //This used to just return false only when the parent content failed, otherwise would always return true so we'll
            // do the same thing for the moment
            if (result.All(x => x.Result.ContentItem.Id != content.Id))
                return false;

            return result.Single(x => x.Result.ContentItem.Id == content.Id).Success;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Publishes a <see cref="IContent"/> object and all its children
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish along with its children</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <param name="includeUnpublished">set to true if you want to also publish children that are currently unpublished</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        public IEnumerable<Attempt<PublishStatus>> PublishWithChildrenWithStatus(IContent content, int userId = 0, bool includeUnpublished = false)
        {
            return ((IContentServiceOperations)this).PublishWithChildren(content, userId, includeUnpublished);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// UnPublishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <returns>True if unpublishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        public bool UnPublish(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            var attempt = ((IContentServiceOperations)this).UnPublish(content, userId);
            LogHelper.Debug<ContentService>(string.Format("Result of unpublish attempt: {0}", attempt.Result.StatusType));
            return attempt.Success;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves and Publishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to save and publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise save events.</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        [Obsolete("Use SaveAndPublishWithStatus instead, that method will provide more detailed information on the outcome")]
        public bool SaveAndPublish(IContent content, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            var result = SaveAndPublishDo(content, userId, raiseEvents);
            return result.Success;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves and Publishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to save and publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise save events.</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        public Attempt<PublishStatus> SaveAndPublishWithStatus(IContent content, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            return ((IContentServiceOperations)this).SaveAndPublish(content, userId, raiseEvents);
        }

        public IContent GetBlueprintById(int id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentBlueprintRepository(uow);
                var blueprint = repository.Get(id);
                if (blueprint != null)
                    ((Content) blueprint).IsBlueprint = true;
                return blueprint;
            }
        }

        public IContent GetBlueprintById(Guid id)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentBlueprintRepository(uow);
                var blueprint = repository.Get(id);
                if (blueprint != null)
                    ((Content)blueprint).IsBlueprint = true;
                return blueprint;
            }
        }

        public void SaveBlueprint(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            //always ensure the blueprint is at the root
            if (content.ParentId != -1)
                content.ParentId = -1;

            ((Content) content).IsBlueprint = true;

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(content.Name))
                    {
                        throw new ArgumentException("Cannot save content blueprint with empty name.");
                    }

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentBlueprintRepository(uow);

                    if (content.HasIdentity == false)
                    {
                        content.CreatorId = userId;
                    }
                    content.WriterId = userId;

                    repository.AddOrUpdate(content);

                    uow.Events.Dispatch(SavedBlueprint, this, new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(content), "SavedBlueprint");

                    uow.Commit();
                }
            }
        }

        public void DeleteBlueprint(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentBlueprintRepository(uow);
                    repository.Delete(content);
                    uow.Events.Dispatch(DeletedBlueprint, this, new DeleteEventArgs<IContent>(content), "DeletedBlueprint");
                    uow.Commit();
                }
            }
        }

        public IContent CreateContentFromBlueprint(IContent blueprint, string name, int userId = 0)
        {
            if (blueprint == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("blueprint");

            var contentType = blueprint.ContentType;
            var content = new Content(name, -1, contentType);
            content.Path = string.Concat(content.ParentId.ToString(), ",", content.Id);

            content.CreatorId = userId;
            content.WriterId = userId;

            foreach (var property in blueprint.Properties)
                content.SetValue(property.Alias, property.Value);

            return content;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to save</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User saving the Content</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise events.</param>
        public void Save(IContent content, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            ((IContentServiceOperations)this).Save(content, userId, raiseEvents);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="contents">Collection of <see cref="IContent"/> to save</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User saving the Content</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise events.</param>
        Attempt<OperationStatus> IContentServiceOperations.Save(IEnumerable<IContent> contents, int userId, bool raiseEvents)
        {
            var asArray = contents.ToArray();

            var evtMsgs = EventMessagesFactory.Get();

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var saveEventArgs = new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(asArray, evtMsgs);
                if (raiseEvents && uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Saving, this, saveEventArgs, "Saving"))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    return OperationStatus.Cancelled(evtMsgs);
                }

                // todo - understand what's a lock in a scope?
                // (though, these locks are refactored in v8)
                using (new WriteLock(Locker))
                {
                    var containsNew = asArray.Any(x => x.HasIdentity == false);
                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    if (containsNew)
                    {
                        foreach (var content in asArray)
                        {
                            content.WriterId = userId;

                            //Only change the publish state if the "previous" version was actually published
                            if (content.Published)
                                content.ChangePublishedState(PublishedState.Saved);

                            repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                            //add or update preview
                            repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        foreach (var content in asArray)
                        {
                            content.WriterId = userId;
                            repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                            //add or update preview
                            repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                        }
                    }
                }

                if (raiseEvents)
                {
                    saveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                    uow.Events.Dispatch(Saved, this, saveEventArgs, "Saved");
                }

                Audit(uow, AuditType.Save, "Bulk Save content performed by user", userId == -1 ? 0 : userId, Constants.System.Root);
                uow.Commit();

                return OperationStatus.Success(evtMsgs);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Permanently deletes an <see cref="IContent"/> object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This method will also delete associated media files, child content and possibly associated domains.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <remarks>Please note that this method will completely remove the Content from the database</remarks>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to delete</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User deleting the Content</param>
        Attempt<OperationStatus> IContentServiceOperations.Delete(IContent content, int userId)
        {
            var evtMsgs = EventMessagesFactory.Get();

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var deleteEventArgs = new DeleteEventArgs<IContent>(content, evtMsgs);
                    if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Deleting, this, deleteEventArgs, "Deleting"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return OperationStatus.Cancelled(evtMsgs);
                    }

                    //Make sure that published content is unpublished before being deleted
                    if (HasPublishedVersion(content.Id))
                    {
                        UnPublish(content, userId);
                    }

                    //Delete children before deleting the 'possible parent'
                    var children = GetChildren(content.Id);
                    foreach (var child in children)
                    {
                        Delete(child, userId);
                    }

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    repository.Delete(content);

                    deleteEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                    uow.Events.Dispatch(Deleted, this, deleteEventArgs, "Deleted");

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Delete, "Delete Content performed by user", userId, content.Id);
                    uow.Commit();
                }

                return OperationStatus.Success(evtMsgs);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Publishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <returns>The published status attempt</returns>
        Attempt<PublishStatus> IContentServiceOperations.Publish(IContent content, int userId)
        {
            return SaveAndPublishDo(content, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to save</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User saving the Content</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise events.</param>
        Attempt<OperationStatus> IContentServiceOperations.Save(IContent content, int userId, bool raiseEvents)
        {
            return Save(content, true, userId, raiseEvents);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the collection of content contains new objects that references eachother by Id or ParentId,
        /// then use the overload Save method with a collection of Lazy <see cref="IContent"/>.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="contents">Collection of <see cref="IContent"/> to save</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User saving the Content</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise events.</param>
        public void Save(IEnumerable<IContent> contents, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            ((IContentServiceOperations)this).Save(contents, userId, raiseEvents);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Deletes all content of the specified types. All Descendants of deleted content that is not of these types is moved to Recycle Bin.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="contentTypeIds">Id of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the user issueing the delete operation</param>
        public void DeleteContentOfTypes(IEnumerable<int> contentTypeIds, int userId = 0)
        {
            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                //track the 'root' items of the collection of nodes discovered to delete, we need to use
                //these items to lookup descendants that are not of this doc type so they can be transfered
                //to the recycle bin
                IDictionary<string, IContent> rootItems;
                var contentToDelete = this.TrackDeletionsForDeleteContentOfTypes(contentTypeIds, repository, out rootItems).ToArray();

                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Deleting, this, new DeleteEventArgs<IContent>(contentToDelete), "Deleting"))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    return;
                }

                //Determine the items that will need to be recycled (that are children of these content items but not of these content types)
                var contentToRecycle = this.TrackTrashedForDeleteContentOfTypes(contentTypeIds, rootItems, repository);

                //move each item to the bin starting with the deepest items
                foreach (var child in contentToRecycle.OrderByDescending(x => x.Level))
                {
                    MoveToRecycleBinDo(child, userId, true);
                }

                foreach (var content in contentToDelete)
                {
                    Delete(content, userId);
                }

                Audit(uow, AuditType.Delete,
                    string.Format("Delete Content of Types {0} performed by user", string.Join(",", contentTypeIds)),
                    userId, Constants.System.Root);
                uow.Commit();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Deletes all content of specified type. All children of deleted content is moved to Recycle Bin.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>This needs extra care and attention as its potentially a dangerous and extensive operation</remarks>
        /// <param name="contentTypeId">Id of the <see cref="IContentType"/></param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the user issueing the delete operation</param>
        public void DeleteContentOfType(int contentTypeId, int userId = 0)
        {
            DeleteContentOfTypes(new[] {contentTypeId}, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Permanently deletes an <see cref="IContent"/> object as well as all of its Children.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This method will also delete associated media files, child content and possibly associated domains.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <remarks>Please note that this method will completely remove the Content from the database</remarks>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to delete</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User deleting the Content</param>
        public void Delete(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            ((IContentServiceOperations)this).Delete(content, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Permanently deletes versions from an <see cref="IContent"/> object prior to a specific date.
        /// This method will never delete the latest version of a content item.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/> object to delete versions from</param>
        /// <param name="versionDate">Latest version date</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User deleting versions of a Content object</param>
        public void DeleteVersions(int id, DateTime versionDate, int userId = 0)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var deleteRevisionsEventArgs = new DeleteRevisionsEventArgs(id, dateToRetain: versionDate);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(DeletingVersions, this, deleteRevisionsEventArgs, "DeletingVersions"))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    return;
                }

                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                repository.DeleteVersions(id, versionDate);
                deleteRevisionsEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(DeletedVersions, this, deleteRevisionsEventArgs, "DeletedVersions");

                Audit(uow, AuditType.Delete, "Delete Content by version date performed by user", userId, Constants.System.Root);
                uow.Commit();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Permanently deletes specific version(s) from an <see cref="IContent"/> object.
        /// This method will never delete the latest version of a content item.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/> object to delete a version from</param>
        /// <param name="versionId">Id of the version to delete</param>
        /// <param name="deletePriorVersions">Boolean indicating whether to delete versions prior to the versionId</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User deleting versions of a Content object</param>
        public void DeleteVersion(int id, Guid versionId, bool deletePriorVersions, int userId = 0)
        {
            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(DeletingVersions, this, new DeleteRevisionsEventArgs(id, specificVersion: versionId), "DeletingVersions"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return;
                    }

                    if (deletePriorVersions)
                    {
                        var content = GetByVersion(versionId);
                        DeleteVersions(id, content.UpdateDate, userId);
                    }

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                    repository.DeleteVersion(versionId);

                    uow.Events.Dispatch(DeletedVersions, this, new DeleteRevisionsEventArgs(id, false, specificVersion: versionId), "DeletedVersions");

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Delete, "Delete Content by version performed by user", userId, Constants.System.Root);
                    uow.Commit();
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Deletes an <see cref="IContent"/> object by moving it to the Recycle Bin
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Move an item to the Recycle Bin will result in the item being unpublished</remarks>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to delete</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User deleting the Content</param>
        public void MoveToRecycleBin(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            ((IContentServiceOperations)this).MoveToRecycleBin(content, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Moves an <see cref="IContent"/> object to a new location by changing its parent id.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the <see cref="IContent"/> object is already published it will be
        /// published after being moved to its new location. Otherwise it'll just
        /// be saved with a new parent id.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to move</param>
        /// <param name="parentId">Id of the Content's new Parent</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User moving the Content</param>
        public void Move(IContent content, int parentId, int userId = 0)
        {
            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                //This ensures that the correct method is called if this method is used to Move to recycle bin.
                if (parentId == Constants.System.RecycleBinContent)
                {
                    MoveToRecycleBin(content, userId);
                    return;
                }

                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var moveEventInfo = new MoveEventInfo<IContent>(content, content.Path, parentId);
                    var moveEventArgs = new MoveEventArgs<IContent>(moveEventInfo);
                    if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Moving, this, moveEventArgs, "Moving"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return;
                    }

                    //used to track all the moved entities to be given to the event
                    var moveInfo = new List<MoveEventInfo<IContent>>();

                    //call private method that does the recursive moving
                    PerformMove(content, parentId, userId, moveInfo);

                    moveEventArgs.MoveInfoCollection = moveInfo;
                    moveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                    uow.Events.Dispatch(Moved, this, moveEventArgs, "Moved");

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Move, "Move Content performed by user", userId, content.Id);
                    uow.Commit();
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Empties the Recycle Bin by deleting all <see cref="IContent"/> that resides in the bin
        /// </summary>
        public void EmptyRecycleBin()
        {
            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                var nodeObjectType = Constants.ObjectTypes.DocumentGuid;

                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    //Create a dictionary of ids -> dictionary of property aliases + values
                    var entities = repository.GetEntitiesInRecycleBin()
                        .ToDictionary(
                            key => key.Id,
                            val => (IEnumerable<Property>)val.Properties);

                    var files = ((ContentRepository)repository).GetFilesInRecycleBinForUploadField();

                    var recycleBinEventArgs = new RecycleBinEventArgs(nodeObjectType, entities, files);
                    if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(EmptyingRecycleBin, this, recycleBinEventArgs))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return;
                    }

                    var success = repository.EmptyRecycleBin();
                    recycleBinEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                    recycleBinEventArgs.RecycleBinEmptiedSuccessfully = success;
                    uow.Events.Dispatch(EmptiedRecycleBin, this, recycleBinEventArgs);

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Delete, "Empty Content Recycle Bin performed by user", 0, Constants.System.RecycleBinContent);
                    uow.Commit();
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies an <see cref="IContent"/> object by creating a new Content object of the same type and copies all data from the current
        /// to the new copy which is returned. Recursively copies all children.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to copy</param>
        /// <param name="parentId">Id of the Content's new Parent</param>
        /// <param name="relateToOriginal">Boolean indicating whether the copy should be related to the original</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User copying the Content</param>
        /// <returns>The newly created <see cref="IContent"/> object</returns>
        public IContent Copy(IContent content, int parentId, bool relateToOriginal, int userId = 0)
        {
            return Copy(content, parentId, relateToOriginal, true, userId);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies an <see cref="IContent"/> object by creating a new Content object of the same type and copies all data from the current
        /// to the new copy which is returned.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to copy</param>
        /// <param name="parentId">Id of the Content's new Parent</param>
        /// <param name="relateToOriginal">Boolean indicating whether the copy should be related to the original</param>
        /// <param name="recursive">A value indicating whether to recursively copy children.</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User copying the Content</param>
        /// <returns>The newly created <see cref="IContent"/> object</returns>
        public IContent Copy(IContent content, int parentId, bool relateToOriginal, bool recursive, int userId = 0)
        {
            //TODO: This all needs to be managed correctly so that the logic is submitted in one
            // transaction, the CRUD needs to be moved to the repo

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                var copy = content.DeepCloneWithResetIdentities();
                copy.ParentId = parentId;

                // A copy should never be set to published automatically even if the original was.
                copy.ChangePublishedState(PublishedState.Unpublished);

                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var copyEventArgs = new CopyEventArgs<IContent>(content, copy, true, parentId, relateToOriginal);
                    if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Copying, this, copyEventArgs))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return null;
                    }

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    // Update the create author and last edit author
                    copy.CreatorId = userId;
                    copy.WriterId = userId;

                    //get the current permissions, if there are any explicit ones they need to be copied
                    var currentPermissions = GetPermissionsForEntity(content);
                    currentPermissions.RemoveWhere(p => p.IsDefaultPermissions);

                    repository.AddOrUpdate(copy);
                    repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(copy, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));

                    //add permissions
                    if (currentPermissions.Count > 0)
                    {
                        var permissionSet = new ContentPermissionSet(copy, currentPermissions);
                        repository.AddOrUpdatePermissions(permissionSet);
                    }

                    uow.Commit(); // todo - this should flush, not commit

                    //Special case for the associated tags
                    //TODO: Move this to the repository layer in a single transaction!
                    //don't copy tags data in tags table if the item is in the recycle bin
                    if (parentId != Constants.System.RecycleBinContent)
                    {
                        var tags = uow.Database.Fetch<TagRelationshipDto>("WHERE nodeId = @Id", new { Id = content.Id });
                        foreach (var tag in tags)
                            uow.Database.Insert(new TagRelationshipDto
                            {
                                NodeId = copy.Id, TagId = tag.TagId, PropertyTypeId = tag.PropertyTypeId
                            });
                    }
                    uow.Commit(); // todo - this should flush, not commit

                    if (recursive)
                    {
                        //Look for children and copy those as well
                        var children = GetChildren(content.Id);
                        foreach (var child in children)
                        {
                            //TODO: This shouldn't recurse back to this method, it should be done in a private method
                            // that doesn't have a nested lock and so we can perform the entire operation in one commit.
                            Copy(child, copy.Id, relateToOriginal, true, userId);
                        }
                    }
                    copyEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                    uow.Events.Dispatch(Copied, this, copyEventArgs);
                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Copy, "Copy Content performed by user", content.WriterId, content.Id);
                    uow.Commit();
                }

                return copy;
            }
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Sends an <see cref="IContent"/> to Publication, which executes handlers and events for the 'Send to Publication' action.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to send to publication</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the send to publication</param>
        /// <returns>True if sending publication was succesfull otherwise false</returns>
        public bool SendToPublication(IContent content, int userId = 0)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var sendToPublishEventArgs = new SendToPublishEventArgs<IContent>(content);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(SendingToPublish, this, sendToPublishEventArgs))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    return false;
                }

                //Save before raising event
                Save(content, userId);
                sendToPublishEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(SentToPublish, this, sendToPublishEventArgs);

                Audit(uow, AuditType.SendToPublish, "Send to Publish performed by user", content.WriterId, content.Id);
                uow.Commit();

                return true;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Rollback an <see cref="IContent"/> object to a previous version.
        /// This will create a new version, which is a copy of all the old data.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// The way data is stored actually only allows us to rollback on properties
        /// and not data like Name and Alias of the Content.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="id">Id of the <see cref="IContent"/>being rolled back</param>
        /// <param name="versionId">Id of the version to rollback to</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the rollback of the Content</param>
        /// <returns>The newly created <see cref="IContent"/> object</returns>
        public IContent Rollback(int id, Guid versionId, int userId = 0)
        {
            var content = GetByVersion(versionId);

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var rollbackEventArgs = new RollbackEventArgs<IContent>(content);
                if (uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(RollingBack, this, rollbackEventArgs))
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    return content;
                }

                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                content.WriterId = userId;
                content.CreatorId = userId;
                content.ChangePublishedState(PublishedState.Unpublished);

                repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                rollbackEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                uow.Events.Dispatch(RolledBack, this, rollbackEventArgs);

                Audit(uow, AuditType.RollBack, "Content rollback performed by user", content.WriterId, content.Id);
                uow.Commit();
            }

            return content;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Sorts a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by updating the SortOrder according
        /// to the ordering of items in the passed in <see cref="IEnumerable{T}"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Using this method will ensure that the Published-state is maintained upon sorting
        /// so the cache is updated accordingly - as needed.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="items"></param>
        /// <param name="userId"></param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents"></param>
        /// <returns>True if sorting succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        public bool Sort(IEnumerable<IContent> items, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            var shouldBePublished = new List<IContent>();
            var shouldBeSaved = new List<IContent>();

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var asArray = items.ToArray();
                    var saveEventArgs = new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(asArray);
                    if (raiseEvents && uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Saving, this, saveEventArgs, "Saving"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return false;
                    }

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    var i = 0;
                    foreach (var content in asArray)
                    {
                        //If the current sort order equals that of the content
                        //we don't need to update it, so just increment the sort order
                        //and continue.
                        if (content.SortOrder == i)
                        {
                            i++;
                            continue;
                        }

                        content.SortOrder = i;
                        content.WriterId = userId;
                        i++;

                        if (content.Published)
                        {
                            //TODO: This should not be an inner operation, but if we do this, it cannot raise events and cannot be cancellable!
                            var published = _publishingStrategy.Publish(uow, content, userId).Success;
                            shouldBePublished.Add(content);
                        }
                        else
                            shouldBeSaved.Add(content);

                        repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                        //add or update a preview
                        repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                    }

                    foreach (var content in shouldBePublished)
                    {
                        //Create and Save ContentXml DTO
                        repository.AddOrUpdateContentXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                    }

                    if (raiseEvents)
                    {
                        saveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                        uow.Events.Dispatch(Saved, this, saveEventArgs, "Saved");
                    }

                    if (shouldBePublished.Any())
                    {
                        //TODO: This should not be an inner operation, but if we do this, it cannot raise events and cannot be cancellable!
                        _publishingStrategy.PublishingFinalized(uow, shouldBePublished, false);
                    }

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Sort, "Sorting content performed by user", userId, 0);
                    uow.Commit();
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Sorts a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> objects by updating the SortOrder according
        /// to the ordering of node Ids passed in.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Using this method will ensure that the Published-state is maintained upon sorting
        /// so the cache is updated accordingly - as needed.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="ids"></param>
        /// <param name="userId"></param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents"></param>
        /// <returns>True if sorting succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        public bool Sort(int[] ids, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            var shouldBePublished = new List<IContent>();
            var shouldBeSaved = new List<IContent>();

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                var allContent = GetByIds(ids).ToDictionary(x => x.Id, x => x);
                var items = ids.Select(x => allContent[x]);

                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var asArray = items.ToArray();
                    var saveEventArgs = new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(asArray);
                    if (raiseEvents && uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Saving, this, saveEventArgs, "Saving"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return false;
                    }

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    var i = 0;
                    foreach (var content in asArray)
                    {
                        //If the current sort order equals that of the content
                        //we don't need to update it, so just increment the sort order
                        //and continue.
                        if (content.SortOrder == i)
                        {
                            i++;
                            continue;
                        }

                        content.SortOrder = i;
                        content.WriterId = userId;
                        i++;

                        if (content.Published)
                        {
                            //TODO: This should not be an inner operation, but if we do this, it cannot raise events and cannot be cancellable!
                            var published = _publishingStrategy.Publish(uow, content, userId).Success;
                            shouldBePublished.Add(content);
                        }
                        else
                            shouldBeSaved.Add(content);

                        repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                        //add or update a preview
                        repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                    }

                    foreach (var content in shouldBePublished)
                    {
                        //Create and Save ContentXml DTO
                        repository.AddOrUpdateContentXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                    }

                    if (raiseEvents)
                    {
                        saveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                        uow.Events.Dispatch(Saved, this, saveEventArgs, "Saved");
                    }

                    if (shouldBePublished.Any())
                    {
                        //TODO: This should not be an inner operation, but if we do this, it cannot raise events and cannot be cancellable!
                        _publishingStrategy.PublishingFinalized(uow, shouldBePublished, false);
                    }

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Sort, "Sorting content performed by user", userId, 0);
                    uow.Commit();
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        public IEnumerable<IContent> GetBlueprintsForContentTypes(params int[] documentTypeIds)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentBlueprintRepository(uow);

                var query = new Query<IContent>();
                if (documentTypeIds.Length > 0)
                {
                    query.Where(x => documentTypeIds.Contains(x.ContentTypeId));
                }
                return repository.GetByQuery(query).Select(x =>
                {
                    ((Content) x).IsBlueprint = true;
                    return x;
                });
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets paged content descendants as XML by path
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="path">Path starts with</param>
        /// <param name="pageIndex">Page number</param>
        /// <param name="pageSize">Page size</param>
        /// <param name="totalRecords">Total records the query would return without paging</param>
        /// <returns>A paged enumerable of XML entries of content items</returns>
        public IEnumerable<XElement> GetPagedXmlEntries(string path, long pageIndex, int pageSize, out long totalRecords)
        {
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageIndex >= 0, "pageIndex");
            Mandate.ParameterCondition(pageSize > 0, "pageSize");

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var contents = repository.GetPagedXmlEntriesByPath(path, pageIndex, pageSize,
                    //This order by is VERY important! This allows us to figure out what is implicitly not published, see ContentRepository.BuildXmlCache and
                    // UmbracoContentIndexer.PerformIndexAll which uses the logic based on this sort order
                    new[] { "level", "parentID", "sortOrder" },
                    out totalRecords);
                return contents;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// This builds the Xml document used for the XML cache
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public XmlDocument BuildXmlCache()
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                var result = repository.BuildXmlCache();
                uow.Commit();
                return result;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Rebuilds all xml content in the cmsContentXml table for all documents
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="contentTypeIds">
        /// Only rebuild the xml structures for the content type ids passed in, if none then rebuilds the structures
        /// for all content
        /// </param>
        public void RebuildXmlStructures(params int[] contentTypeIds)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                repository.RebuildXmlStructures(
                    content => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, content),
                    contentTypeIds: contentTypeIds.Length == 0 ? null : contentTypeIds);

                Audit(uow, AuditType.Publish, "ContentService.RebuildXmlStructures completed, the xml has been regenerated in the database", 0, Constants.System.Root);
                uow.Commit();
            }
        }

        #region Internal Methods

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a collection of <see cref="IContent"/> descendants by the first Parent.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content"><see cref="IContent"/> item to retrieve Descendants from</param>
        /// <returns>An Enumerable list of <see cref="IContent"/> objects</returns>
        internal IEnumerable<IContent> GetPublishedDescendants(IContent content)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Id != content.Id && x.Path.StartsWith(content.Path) && x.Trashed == false);
                return repository.GetByPublishedVersion(query);
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region Private Methods

        /// <summary>
        /// Hack: This is used to fix some data if an entity's properties are invalid/corrupt
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content"></param>
        private void QuickUpdate(IContent content)
        {
            if (content == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("content");
            if (content.HasIdentity == false) throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot update an entity without an Identity");

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);
                repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                uow.Commit();
            }
        }

        private void Audit(IScopeUnitOfWork uow, AuditType type, string message, int userId, int objectId)
        {
            var auditRepo = RepositoryFactory.CreateAuditRepository(uow);
            auditRepo.AddOrUpdate(new AuditItem(objectId, message, type, userId));
        }

        //TODO: All of this needs to be moved to the repository
        private void PerformMove(IContent content, int parentId, int userId, ICollection<MoveEventInfo<IContent>> moveInfo)
        {
            //add a tracking item to use in the Moved event
            moveInfo.Add(new MoveEventInfo<IContent>(content, content.Path, parentId));

            content.WriterId = userId;
            if (parentId == Constants.System.Root)
            {
                content.Path = string.Concat(Constants.System.Root, ",", content.Id);
                content.Level = 1;
            }
            else
            {
                var parent = GetById(parentId);
                content.Path = string.Concat(parent.Path, ",", content.Id);
                content.Level = parent.Level + 1;
            }

            //If Content is being moved away from Recycle Bin, its state should be un-trashed
            if (content.Trashed && parentId != Constants.System.RecycleBinContent)
            {
                content.ChangeTrashedState(false, parentId);
            }
            else
            {
                content.ParentId = parentId;
            }

            //If Content is published, it should be (re)published from its new location
            if (content.Published)
            {
                //If Content is Publishable its saved and published
                //otherwise we save the content without changing the publish state, and generate new xml because the Path, Level and Parent has changed.
                if (IsPublishable(content))
                {
                    //TODO: This is raising events, probably not desirable as this costs performance for event listeners like Examine
                    SaveAndPublish(content, userId);
                }
                else
                {
                    //TODO: This is raising events, probably not desirable as this costs performance for event listeners like Examine
                    Save(content, false, userId);

                    //TODO: This shouldn't be here! This needs to be part of the repository logic but in order to fix this we need to
                    // change how this method calls "Save" as it needs to save using an internal method
                    using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                    {
                        var xml = _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, content);

                        var poco = new ContentXmlDto { NodeId = content.Id, Xml = xml.ToDataString() };
                        var exists =
                            uow.Database.FirstOrDefault<ContentXmlDto>("WHERE nodeId = @Id", new { Id = content.Id }) !=
                            null;
                        int result = exists
                                         ? uow.Database.Update(poco)
                                         : Convert.ToInt32(uow.Database.Insert(poco));
                        uow.Commit();
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                //TODO: This is raising events, probably not desirable as this costs performance for event listeners like Examine
                Save(content, userId);
            }

            //Ensure that Path and Level is updated on children
            var children = GetChildren(content.Id).ToArray();
            if (children.Any())
            {
                foreach (var child in children)
                {
                    PerformMove(child, content.Id, userId, moveInfo);
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Publishes a <see cref="IContent"/> object and all its children
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish along with its children</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <param name="includeUnpublished">If set to true, this will also publish descendants that are completely unpublished, normally this will only publish children that have previously been published</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// A list of publish statues. If the parent document is not valid or cannot be published because it's parent(s) is not published
        /// then the list will only contain one status item, otherwise it will contain status items for it and all of it's descendants that
        /// are to be published.
        /// </returns>
        private IEnumerable<Attempt<PublishStatus>> PublishWithChildrenDo(
            IContent content, int userId = 0, bool includeUnpublished = false)
        {
            if (content == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("content");

            var evtMsgs = EventMessagesFactory.Get();

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                //Hack: this ensures that the entity's path is valid and if not it fixes/persists it
                //see: http://issues.umbraco.org/issue/U4-9336
                content.EnsureValidPath(Logger, entity => GetById(entity.ParentId), QuickUpdate);

                var result = new List<Attempt<PublishStatus>>();

                //Check if parent is published (although not if its a root node) - if parent isn't published this Content cannot be published
                if (content.ParentId != Constants.System.Root && content.ParentId != Constants.System.RecycleBinContent && IsPublishable(content) == false)
                {
                    Logger.Info<ContentService>(
                        string.Format(
                            "Content '{0}' with Id '{1}' could not be published because its parent or one of its ancestors is not published.",
                            content.Name, content.Id));
                    result.Add(Attempt.Fail(new PublishStatus(content, PublishStatusType.FailedPathNotPublished, evtMsgs)));
                    return result;
                }

                //Content contains invalid property values and can therefore not be published - fire event?
                if (!content.IsValid())
                {
                    Logger.Info<ContentService>(
                        string.Format("Content '{0}' with Id '{1}' could not be published because of invalid properties.",
                                      content.Name, content.Id));
                    result.Add(
                        Attempt.Fail(
                            new PublishStatus(content, PublishStatusType.FailedContentInvalid, evtMsgs)
                            {
                                InvalidProperties = ((ContentBase)content).LastInvalidProperties
                            }));
                    return result;
                }

                //Consider creating a Path query instead of recursive method:
                //var query = Query<IContent>.Builder.Where(x => x.Path.StartsWith(content.Path));

                var updated = new List<IContent>();
                var list = new List<IContent>();
                list.Add(content); //include parent item
                list.AddRange(GetDescendants(content));

                var internalStrategy = _publishingStrategy;

                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    //Publish and then update the database with new status
                    var publishedOutcome = internalStrategy.PublishWithChildren(uow, list, userId, includeUnpublished).ToArray();
                    var published = publishedOutcome
                        .Where(x => x.Success || x.Result.StatusType == PublishStatusType.SuccessAlreadyPublished)
                        // ensure proper order (for events) - cannot publish a child before its parent!
                        .OrderBy(x => x.Result.ContentItem.Level)
                        .ThenBy(x => x.Result.ContentItem.SortOrder);

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    //NOTE The Publish with subpages-dialog was used more as a republish-type-thing, so we'll have to include PublishStatusType.SuccessAlreadyPublished
                    //in the updated-list, so the Published event is triggered with the expected set of pages and the xml is updated.
                    foreach (var item in published)
                    {
                        item.Result.ContentItem.WriterId = userId;
                        repository.AddOrUpdate(item.Result.ContentItem);
                        //add or update a preview
                        repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(item.Result.ContentItem, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                        //add or update the published xml
                        repository.AddOrUpdateContentXml(item.Result.ContentItem, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                        updated.Add(item.Result.ContentItem);
                    }

                    //Save xml to db and call following method to fire event:
                    _publishingStrategy.PublishingFinalized(uow, updated, false);

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Publish, "Publish with Children performed by user", userId, content.Id);
                    uow.Commit();

                    return publishedOutcome;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// UnPublishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to publish</param>
        /// <param name="omitCacheRefresh">Optional boolean to avoid having the cache refreshed when calling this Unpublish method. By default this method will update the cache.</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <returns>True if unpublishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        private Attempt<UnPublishStatus> UnPublishDo(IContent content, bool omitCacheRefresh = false, int userId = 0)
        {
            var newest = GetById(content.Id); // ensure we have the newest version
            if (content.Version != newest.Version) // but use the original object if it's already the newest version
                content = newest;

            var evtMsgs = EventMessagesFactory.Get();

            var published = content.Published ? content : GetPublishedVersion(content.Id); // get the published version
            if (published == null)
            {
                return Attempt.Succeed(new UnPublishStatus(content, UnPublishedStatusType.SuccessAlreadyUnPublished, evtMsgs)); // already unpublished
            }

            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
            {
                var unpublished = _publishingStrategy.UnPublish(uow, content, userId);
                if (unpublished == false)
                {
                    uow.Commit();
                    return Attempt.Fail(new UnPublishStatus(content, UnPublishedStatusType.FailedCancelledByEvent, evtMsgs));
                }

                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                content.WriterId = userId;
                repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                // is published is not newest, reset the published flag on published version
                if (published.Version != content.Version)
                    repository.ClearPublished(published);
                repository.DeleteContentXml(content);

                //Delete xml from db? and call following method to fire event through PublishingStrategy to update cache
                if (omitCacheRefresh == false)
                    _publishingStrategy.UnPublishingFinalized(uow, content);

                Audit(uow, AuditType.UnPublish, "UnPublish performed by user", userId, content.Id);
                uow.Commit();
            }

            return Attempt.Succeed(new UnPublishStatus(content, UnPublishedStatusType.Success, evtMsgs));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves and Publishes a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to save and publish</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User issueing the publishing</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise save events.</param>
        /// <returns>True if publishing succeeded, otherwise False</returns>
        private Attempt<PublishStatus> SaveAndPublishDo(IContent content, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            var evtMsgs = EventMessagesFactory.Get();

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var saveEventArgs = new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(content, evtMsgs);
                    if (raiseEvents && uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Saving, this, saveEventArgs, "Saving"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return Attempt.Fail(new PublishStatus(content, PublishStatusType.FailedCancelledByEvent, evtMsgs));
                    }

                    //Has this content item previously been published? If so, we don't need to refresh the children
                    var previouslyPublished = content.HasIdentity && HasPublishedVersion(content.Id); //content might not have an id
                    var publishStatus = new PublishStatus(content, PublishStatusType.Success, evtMsgs); //initially set to success

                    //Check if parent is published (although not if its a root node) - if parent isn't published this Content cannot be published
                    publishStatus.StatusType = CheckAndLogIsPublishable(content);
                    //if it is not successful, then check if the props are valid
                    if ((int)publishStatus.StatusType < 10)
                    {
                        //Content contains invalid property values and can therefore not be published - fire event?
                        publishStatus.StatusType = CheckAndLogIsValid(content);
                        //set the invalid properties (if there are any)
                        publishStatus.InvalidProperties = ((ContentBase)content).LastInvalidProperties;
                    }
                    //if we're still successful, then publish using the strategy
                    if (publishStatus.StatusType == PublishStatusType.Success)
                    {
                        //Publish and then update the database with new status
                        var publishResult = _publishingStrategy.Publish(uow, content, userId);
                        //set the status type to the publish result
                        publishStatus.StatusType = publishResult.Result.StatusType;
                    }

                    //we are successfully published if our publishStatus is still Successful
                    bool published = publishStatus.StatusType == PublishStatusType.Success;

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    if (published == false)
                    {
                        content.ChangePublishedState(PublishedState.Saved);
                    }
                    //Since this is the Save and Publish method, the content should be saved even though the publish fails or isn't allowed
                    if (content.HasIdentity == false)
                    {
                        content.CreatorId = userId;
                    }
                    content.WriterId = userId;

                    repository.AddOrUpdate(content);
                    repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));

                    if (published)
                    {
                        //Content Xml
                        repository.AddOrUpdateContentXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));
                    }

                    if (raiseEvents)
                    {
                        saveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                        uow.Events.Dispatch(Saved, this, saveEventArgs, "Saved");
                    }

                    //Save xml to db and call following method to fire event through PublishingStrategy to update cache
                    if (published)
                    {
                        _publishingStrategy.PublishingFinalized(uow, content);
                    }

                    //We need to check if children and their publish state to ensure that we 'republish' content that was previously published
                    if (published && previouslyPublished == false && HasChildren(content.Id))
                    {
                    //TODO: Horrible for performance if there are lots of descendents! We should page if anything but this is crazy
                        var descendants = GetPublishedDescendants(content);
                        _publishingStrategy.PublishingFinalized(uow, descendants, false);
                    }

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Publish, "Save and Publish performed by user", userId, content.Id);
                    uow.Commit();

                    return Attempt.If(publishStatus.StatusType == PublishStatusType.Success, publishStatus);
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Saves a single <see cref="IContent"/> object
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="IContent"/> to save</param>
        /// <param name="changeState">Boolean indicating whether or not to change the Published state upon saving</param>
        /// <param name="userId">Optional Id of the User saving the Content</param>
        /// <param name="raiseEvents">Optional boolean indicating whether or not to raise events.</param>
        private Attempt<OperationStatus> Save(IContent content, bool changeState, int userId = 0, bool raiseEvents = true)
        {
            var evtMsgs = EventMessagesFactory.Get();

            using (new WriteLock(Locker))
            {
                using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork())
                {
                    var saveEventArgs = new SaveEventArgs<IContent>(content, evtMsgs);
                    if (raiseEvents && uow.Events.DispatchCancelable(Saving, this, saveEventArgs, "Saving"))
                    {
                        uow.Commit();
                        return OperationStatus.Cancelled(evtMsgs);
                    }

                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(content.Name))
                    {
                        throw new ArgumentException("Cannot save content with empty name.");
                    }

                    var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentRepository(uow);

                    if (content.HasIdentity == false)
                    {
                        content.CreatorId = userId;
                    }
                    content.WriterId = userId;

                    //Only change the publish state if the "previous" version was actually published or marked as unpublished
                    if (changeState && (content.Published || ((Content)content).PublishedState == PublishedState.Unpublished))
                        content.ChangePublishedState(PublishedState.Saved);

                    repository.AddOrUpdate(content);

                    //Generate a new preview
                    repository.AddOrUpdatePreviewXml(content, c => _entitySerializer.Serialize(this, _dataTypeService, _userService, c));

                    if (raiseEvents)
                    {
                        saveEventArgs.CanCancel = false;
                        uow.Events.Dispatch(Saved, this, saveEventArgs, "Saved");
                    }

                    Audit(uow, AuditType.Save, "Save Content performed by user", userId, content.Id);
                    uow.Commit();
                }

                return OperationStatus.Success(evtMsgs);
            }
        }

        private PublishStatusType CheckAndLogIsPublishable(IContent content)
        {
            //Check if parent is published (although not if its a root node) - if parent isn't published this Content cannot be published
            if (content.ParentId != Constants.System.Root && content.ParentId != Constants.System.RecycleBinContent && IsPublishable(content) == false)
            {
                Logger.Info<ContentService>(
                    string.Format(
                        "Content '{0}' with Id '{1}' could not be published because its parent is not published.",
                        content.Name, content.Id));
                return PublishStatusType.FailedPathNotPublished;
            }

            if (content.ExpireDate.HasValue && content.ExpireDate.Value > DateTime.MinValue && DateTime.Now > content.ExpireDate.Value)
            {
                Logger.Info<ContentService>(
                    string.Format(
                        "Content '{0}' with Id '{1}' has expired and could not be published.",
                        content.Name, content.Id));
                return PublishStatusType.FailedHasExpired;
            }

            if (content.ReleaseDate.HasValue && content.ReleaseDate.Value > DateTime.MinValue && content.ReleaseDate.Value > DateTime.Now)
            {
                Logger.Info<ContentService>(
                    string.Format(
                        "Content '{0}' with Id '{1}' is awaiting release and could not be published.",
                        content.Name, content.Id));
                return PublishStatusType.FailedAwaitingRelease;
            }

            return PublishStatusType.Success;
        }

        private PublishStatusType CheckAndLogIsValid(IContent content)
        {
            //Content contains invalid property values and can therefore not be published - fire event?
            if (content.IsValid() == false)
            {
                Logger.Info<ContentService>(
                    string.Format(
                        "Content '{0}' with Id '{1}' could not be published because of invalid properties.",
                        content.Name, content.Id));
                return PublishStatusType.FailedContentInvalid;
            }

            return PublishStatusType.Success;
        }

        private IContentType FindContentTypeByAlias(string contentTypeAlias)
        {
            using (var uow = UowProvider.GetUnitOfWork(readOnly: true))
            {
                var repository = RepositoryFactory.CreateContentTypeRepository(uow);

                var query = Query<IContentType>.Builder.Where(x => x.Alias == contentTypeAlias);
                var types = repository.GetByQuery(query);

                if (types.Any() == false)
                    throw new Exception(
                        string.Format("No ContentType matching the passed in Alias: '{0}' was found",
                                      contentTypeAlias));

                var contentType = types.First();

                if (contentType == null)
                    throw new Exception(string.Format("ContentType matching the passed in Alias: '{0}' was null",
                                                      contentTypeAlias));
                return contentType;
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region Proxy Event Handlers
        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before publish.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Proxy to the real event on the <see cref="PublishingStrategy"/></remarks>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IPublishingStrategy, PublishEventArgs<IContent>> Publishing
        {
            add { PublishingStrategy.Publishing += value; }
            remove { PublishingStrategy.Publishing -= value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after publish.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Proxy to the real event on the <see cref="PublishingStrategy"/></remarks>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IPublishingStrategy, PublishEventArgs<IContent>> Published
        {
            add { PublishingStrategy.Published += value; }
            remove { PublishingStrategy.Published -= value; }
        }
        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before unpublish.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Proxy to the real event on the <see cref="PublishingStrategy"/></remarks>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IPublishingStrategy, PublishEventArgs<IContent>> UnPublishing
        {
            add { PublishingStrategy.UnPublishing += value; }
            remove { PublishingStrategy.UnPublishing -= value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after unpublish.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Proxy to the real event on the <see cref="PublishingStrategy"/></remarks>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IPublishingStrategy, PublishEventArgs<IContent>> UnPublished
        {
            add { PublishingStrategy.UnPublished += value; }
            remove { PublishingStrategy.UnPublished -= value; }
        }
        #endregion

        #region Event Handlers
        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Delete
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, DeleteEventArgs<IContent>> Deleting;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Delete
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, DeleteEventArgs<IContent>> Deleted;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Delete Versions
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, DeleteRevisionsEventArgs> DeletingVersions;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Delete Versions
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, DeleteRevisionsEventArgs> DeletedVersions;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Save
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, SaveEventArgs<IContent>> Saving;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Save
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, SaveEventArgs<IContent>> Saved;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Create
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("Use the Created event instead, the Creating and Created events both offer the same functionality, Creating event has been deprecated.")]
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, NewEventArgs<IContent>> Creating;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Create
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Please note that the Content object has been created, but might not have been saved
        /// so it does not have an identity yet (meaning no Id has been set).
        /// </remarks>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, NewEventArgs<IContent>> Created;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Copy
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, CopyEventArgs<IContent>> Copying;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Copy
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, CopyEventArgs<IContent>> Copied;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Content is moved to Recycle Bin
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, MoveEventArgs<IContent>> Trashing;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Content is moved to Recycle Bin
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, MoveEventArgs<IContent>> Trashed;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Move
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, MoveEventArgs<IContent>> Moving;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Move
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, MoveEventArgs<IContent>> Moved;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Rollback
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, RollbackEventArgs<IContent>> RollingBack;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Rollback
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, RollbackEventArgs<IContent>> RolledBack;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before Send to Publish
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, SendToPublishEventArgs<IContent>> SendingToPublish;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after Send to Publish
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, SendToPublishEventArgs<IContent>> SentToPublish;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs before the Recycle Bin is emptied
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, RecycleBinEventArgs> EmptyingRecycleBin;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after the Recycle Bin has been Emptied
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, RecycleBinEventArgs> EmptiedRecycleBin;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after a blueprint has been saved.
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, SaveEventArgs<IContent>> SavedBlueprint;

        /// <summary>
        /// Occurs after a blueprint has been deleted.
        /// </summary>
        public static event TypedEventHandler<IContentService, DeleteEventArgs<IContent>> DeletedBlueprint;

        #endregion
    }
}